Friday, August 10, 2007
Did Magellan Commit Suicide in Mactan?
"The Battle of Maktan" by Angel Carnio (watercolor).
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Did Magellan commit suicide in Mactan?
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By Rolando O. BorrinagaTacloban City
Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan died fighting warriors led by native chieftain Lapulapu in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521. But was his act a virtual case of suicide? Read on.
Magellan’s death climaxed a series of strange behaviors allegedly attributed to his realization, after landing in Homonhon Island in southern Samar, that his expedition had failed its purpose and had already overstepped its avowed geographical and political limits.
The possible suicide angle can be inferred from a theory proposed by historian Rolando Laguarda Trias, a retired Uruguayan infantry colonel, during a conference on the Magellan expedition’s quest for the Moluccas held in Lisbon, Portugal in 1973.
Laguarda Trias is considered the top expert of early Portuguese and Spanish navigations along the coast of South America. His conference paper on the Magellan expedition was brought to the attention of the English-speaking world by Dr. Jean-Yves Blot, a Portuguese historian, through his monograph “Magellan in the Visayas, March-April 1521: A Possible Landmark in Homonhon Island” (Lisbon, 1997).
Early years Existing literature about Ferdinand Magellan tell that he was born in northern Portugal around 1480. Of noble parentage, he served as a page in the Portuguese Court in his younger years.
In 1505, Magellan sailed for India under Francisco de Almeida, who had been appointed first viceroy of Portuguese India by King Manuel I. Under Almeida, Magellan apparently took part in several fighting on the East African coast and in the great Portuguese naval victory over the Arabs off Diu in the Indian Ocean in 1509.
Magellan was still in India when Afonso de Albuquerque replaced Almeida in 1510. First sent to India in 1503, Albuquerque built a fortress in Cochin, his base for founding the Portuguese empire in the Indian Ocean, which lasted more than a century.
As viceroy, Albuquerque captured Goa in 1510 and converted the place into the center of Portuguese power in the east. In 1511, he seized Malacca on the Malay Peninsula, where he built a naval base. From this base, the Portuguese established trade relations with Macau in China and gained access to the rich spice trade in the East Indies by 1515.
Malacca In 1509, two years before Albuquerque’s siege, Magellan had joined a reconnaissance mission to Malacca. This mission was sent directly from Portugal and headed by Diego Lopes de Sequiera. Magellan was an officer on a fourth ship, sent along from India by Almeida. A fellow officer on the same ship was Francisco Serrano, who would play a significant role in the drama of the Spice Islands.
The mission received a friendly welcome from Sultan Mahamut of Malacca. But the good relations proved illusory, because the Muslim sultan plotted to do away with the strangers by treachery.
The opportunity for attack came during the loading of trade spices to the Portuguese ships, when many local fighters disguised as carriers were allowed in and around the ships. The hand-to-hand fighting against the unsuspecting visitors started soon after white smoke was seen rising from the sultan’s palace.
Magellan saw Serrano on the shore, fighting for his life against a group of attackers. He bravely jumped ashore from the ship and fought side by side with Serrano against a superior number of enemies, until they reached safety on board a small boat.
This was the beginning of a close friendship between comrades in arms, a friendship that would have far-reaching consequences.
It was probably during this Malaccan venture that Magellan captured a Malayan boy who became his slave. Named Enrique, this slave would act as Magellan’s interpreter during his famous voyage and remained in Cebu after his master’s death.
Some historians believe Enrique was the first person to have circumnavigated the world, not Magellan nor the 18 survivors of his expedition.
The Portuguese suffered badly during their first visit to Malacca. Sixty men died and one ship was lost. Sequiera, the mission leader, was warned by Magellan in time and survived the attack unscathed.
Magellan was believed to have served under Albuquerque during the siege of Malacca in 1511 and had reached the Moluccas thereafter. But he appeared to have sailed back to Lisbon in 1510 in the command of a ship with cargo.
What is certain was that Serrano was the captain of one of three vessels sent from Malacca by Albuquerque to explore the Moluccas in 1511. Serrano and his companions therefore became the first Europeans to see the Spice Islands.
Serrano eventually settled in the Moluccan island of Ternate, as head of a mercenary band of Portuguese warriors under the service of one of two feuding powerful sultans who controlled the spice trade.
Serrano later wrote a letter to Magellan in Portugal, urging the latter to join him in the Moluccas, “where their fortune was as good as made.” He also gave Magellan directions and information about the location of the islands and its distance from Malacca.
Back in Europe In 1513, the name of Magellan appeared on a list of officers returned from India who were given routine honors. That same year, he took part in an expedition against Azamor in Morocco, where he suffered a leg wound in battle that gave him a slight limp for the rest of his life.
The thought of the Moluccas apparently always beckoned Magellan after his return to Portugal. From Morocco, Magellan wrote to Serrano, informing him that he would meet him soon, “if not via Portugal, then via Spain.” This letter was found by Portuguese in the Moluccas several years after Magellan and Serrano were dead.
After the Moroccan campaign, Magellan returned to Lisbon. This time, he appeared in the Portuguese Court to request King Manuel I for an increase in his salary.
However, Magellan was met by a blunt refusal and contemptuous remarks from the king, whom he had served as a boy and was his companion in their younger years.
Outraged by the animosity of the Portuguese king, Magellan asked to be freed from his oath of allegiance and sought permission to seek his fortune elsewhere.
King Manuel I responded that Magellan could go to the devil.
To Spain Magellan left Portugal for Seville, Spain towards the end of 1517. Here he met friends and relatives, all exiles and deserters from the service of the antagonistic Portuguese king, who were vigorously promoting the scheme of searching for the Spice Islands by the western route.
The group was composed of experts in every aspect of overseas exploration, bringing with them all the secrets of the Indies that the Portuguese were anxious to keep.
Seville was looked upon at that time as a place of opportunity where people flocked and crowded. Here also occurred a charming interlude in the tempestuous career of Magellan. He fell in love with Beatriz de Barbosa, daughter of an influential family in the city.
Magellan and Beatriz were married within the year in the cathedral of Triana, a town just across the Guadalquivir River from Seville. In our day, Triana also remains the name of the barangay in Limasawa Island fronting the harbor where Magellan’s ships anchored on the other side of the world.
Approved proposal As son-in-law of one of the leading men of Seville, Magellan used his social position to promote his proposal to make a voyage direct to the Spice Islands to potential financiers.
Magellan was known to have brought along with him a well-painted globe in which the whole world was outlined, and on which he indicated the route he proposed to take. But the location of the strait around the American continent was left blank. Not only was this strait’s presence speculative at the time; he also did not want anybody else to beat him to it.
Anyway, Magellan had another option. If he did not find any strait leading to the other ocean, he would take the route followed by the Portuguese (around the horn of Africa).
After being rebuffed by several other parties, Magellan found a way to have his expedition financed by Spanish King Carlos I, also known to history as Emperor Charles V of Europe.
A document that Magellan used to convince the king was a “Membranza,” a short manuscript he wrote in 1519. In it, he claimed that the Moluccas or Spice Islands were located at 182.5 degrees longitude. The location is just outside the demarcation line of the Portuguese half of the world as determined by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas.
Sailing to history After more than a year of preparation, Spanish Court intrigues, and Portuguese threats and harassments, the Magellan expedition left Seville on September 20, 1519.
Sailing on a Spanish deck and equipped with the best Portuguese nautical information available on Far East navigation, Magellan pledged to do his utmost to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, to establish Spain’s claim to the islands, and to return with a cargo of spices. He led a voyage of discovery comprising of a fleet of five ships with 241 officers and men and calculated to last two years.
Among the men under Magellan was the Italian Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler who recorded the voyage for posterity, and the Andalusian Andres de San Martin, reportedly the best astronomer of his time who could make accurate readings of longitude on land. Pigafetta survived and wrote the report of the expedition; San Martin was killed along with several companions during a massacre in Cebu a few days after Magellan’s death.
The fleet sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and the ships followed the South American coast. Here they tried to find the theorized strait, the passage to the other ocean, which Magellan would later call the Pacific Ocean. This passage that they found is now known as Magellan Strait, near the tip of South America.
The members of the Magellan expedition were the first Europeans ever to sail across the Pacific, which was larger than anyone had imagined. They sailed for 98 days without seeing any land, ran out of food, and used almost all their water. They even ate rats and sawdust to avoid starvation until they reached the Ladrones Islands (Guam) on March 6, 1521.
Conflict with the native Chamorros prevented Magellan from fully re-supplying the ships in Guam. They set sail for the Philippines, which they sighted on March 16, 1521, and where they first landed on the island of Homonhon, at the southern end of Samar Island.
Violation of royal orders Magellan was under strict orders not to enter Portuguese territory in his search for the Moluccas. He probably believed he was still within the limit after departing from the Ladrones Islands. After all, the determination of longitudes on the ocean remained erratic at that time.
But the situation changed for Magellan after their sighting of Samar. San Martin’s calculations for the position of Suluan Island, east of Homonhon, showed that this was located on 9 and 2/3 degrees north latitude, and 189 degrees longitude from the line of demarcation.
In a sense, Magellan had known upon his arrival in the islands he called San Lazaro Archipelago that his ships were already sailing on the Portuguese hemisphere, by a margin of 9 degrees longitude. He also knew there was no more turning back.
Of course, the actual location of these islands was hidden from the authorities and falsified in the official accounts. For instance, Pigafetta mentioned that Homonhon was located at 161 degrees longitude, well within the Spanish hemisphere. He also systematically indicated the positions of the other islands such that they were located more to the east than they really were. The falsification was attributed to Magellan.
It took centuries for the discrepancies in the longitudes recorded by Pigafetta in the Philippines to be discovered and clarified, first by the French scientist Charles de Brosse in 1756, and lately by Laguarda Trias in the early 1970s.
From soldier to missionary After March 16, 1521, the geographical and political basis of the whole voyage had slipped under Magellan’s feet. Hated in his home country for searching the Moluccas under the Spanish flag, Magellan probably knew from then on that he had failed the challenge to reach the Spice Islands by a few degrees of longitude.
Blot suggested taking this context into consideration to better understand Magellan’s behavior during the last 43 days of his life.
Being a veteran soldier, Magellan knew better how to land on distant shores, that is with drawn swords and blazing cannons ahead. Yet, in the Philippines, with the exception of the Mactan fighting, Magellan’s men only drew their swords and fired the ships’ cannons to impress the people they visited, and displayed their body armor only in demonstration fights.
Spanish royal instructions required them to install markers with the royal coat-of-arms to establish the Spanish king’s rights over the discovered lands. Instead, Magellan asked for a large wooden cross to be planted on a hill in Limasawa Island after the first recorded First Mass in the Philippines on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521.
Another wooden cross was later planted in Cebu, where 800 people were converted to Christianity in a single day.
Spanish royal orders prohibited the expedition leader to land except in the safest circumstances. Yet, when the moment to fight in Mactan Island came on April 27, 1521, Magellan rejected the suggestion of his men to stay safe and let them fight for him.
Laguarda Trias theorized that the Magellan who died in Mactan was a different man. He explained Magellan’s changed mindset in his last days as follows:
“The finding of the longitude of Suluan Island (performed almost eight months before the expedition arrived in the Moluccas) signified for Magellan the failure of the purpose of his expedition. It was an advance indication that the Spice Islands were located within the Portuguese hemisphere. Perhaps the moral premise of this failure was the motive that prompted Magellan to seek his death in Mactan, where he refused the help of the chieftain of Cebu and boldly exposed himself to the blows of the enemy. He probably did not wish to suffer the humiliation of having to announce to the Emperor, upon his return, that the Moluccas, contrary to what he claimed in his Membranza, were located on Portuguese territory. This was a matter of honor that his noble reputation would not allow to ignore, much less distort, as the changeable Antonio Pigafetta did.”
Blot added that the setting of the Christian cross instead of the Spanish coat-of-arms, and the strong religious zeal displayed by Magellan from the Homonhon landing until the fighting in Mactan, may be viewed as remaining symbolic acts left for him to do. The promotion of the Christian faith, the basic link between Portugal and Spain above their national interests, became Magellan’s last attempt at finding a meaning for his own failed mission before his suicidal death.
As a sad footnote, another source had it that Magellan was killed on the same day his best friend, Serrano, died of food poisoning in the Moluccas. What a strange coincidence in the whole story of the Spice Islands.
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Did Magellan commit suicide in Mactan?
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Rolando O. BorrinagaTacloban City
Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan died fighting warriors led by native chieftain Lapulapu in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521. But was his act a virtual case of suicide? Read on.
Magellan’s death climaxed a series of strange behaviors allegedly attributed to his realization, after landing in Homonhon Island in southern Samar, that his expedition had failed its purpose and had already overstepped its avowed geographical and political limits.
The possible suicide angle can be inferred from a theory proposed by historian Rolando Laguarda Trias, a retired Uruguayan infantry colonel, during a conference on the Magellan expedition’s quest for the Moluccas held in Lisbon, Portugal in 1973.
Laguarda Trias is considered the top expert of early Portuguese and Spanish navigations along the coast of South America. His conference paper on the Magellan expedition was brought to the attention of the English-speaking world by Dr. Jean-Yves Blot, a Portuguese historian, through his monograph “Magellan in the Visayas, March-April 1521: A Possible Landmark in Homonhon Island” (Lisbon, 1997).
Early years Existing literature about Ferdinand Magellan tell that he was born in northern Portugal around 1480. Of noble parentage, he served as a page in the Portuguese Court in his younger years.
In 1505, Magellan sailed for India under Francisco de Almeida, who had been appointed first viceroy of Portuguese India by King Manuel I. Under Almeida, Magellan apparently took part in several fighting on the East African coast and in the great Portuguese naval victory over the Arabs off Diu in the Indian Ocean in 1509.
Magellan was still in India when Afonso de Albuquerque replaced Almeida in 1510. First sent to India in 1503, Albuquerque built a fortress in Cochin, his base for founding the Portuguese empire in the Indian Ocean, which lasted more than a century.
As viceroy, Albuquerque captured Goa in 1510 and converted the place into the center of Portuguese power in the east. In 1511, he seized Malacca on the Malay Peninsula, where he built a naval base. From this base, the Portuguese established trade relations with Macau in China and gained access to the rich spice trade in the East Indies by 1515.
Malacca In 1509, two years before Albuquerque’s siege, Magellan had joined a reconnaissance mission to Malacca. This mission was sent directly from Portugal and headed by Diego Lopes de Sequiera. Magellan was an officer on a fourth ship, sent along from India by Almeida. A fellow officer on the same ship was Francisco Serrano, who would play a significant role in the drama of the Spice Islands.
The mission received a friendly welcome from Sultan Mahamut of Malacca. But the good relations proved illusory, because the Muslim sultan plotted to do away with the strangers by treachery.
The opportunity for attack came during the loading of trade spices to the Portuguese ships, when many local fighters disguised as carriers were allowed in and around the ships. The hand-to-hand fighting against the unsuspecting visitors started soon after white smoke was seen rising from the sultan’s palace.
Magellan saw Serrano on the shore, fighting for his life against a group of attackers. He bravely jumped ashore from the ship and fought side by side with Serrano against a superior number of enemies, until they reached safety on board a small boat.
This was the beginning of a close friendship between comrades in arms, a friendship that would have far-reaching consequences.
It was probably during this Malaccan venture that Magellan captured a Malayan boy who became his slave. Named Enrique, this slave would act as Magellan’s interpreter during his famous voyage and remained in Cebu after his master’s death.
Some historians believe Enrique was the first person to have circumnavigated the world, not Magellan nor the 18 survivors of his expedition.
The Portuguese suffered badly during their first visit to Malacca. Sixty men died and one ship was lost. Sequiera, the mission leader, was warned by Magellan in time and survived the attack unscathed.
Magellan was believed to have served under Albuquerque during the siege of Malacca in 1511 and had reached the Moluccas thereafter. But he appeared to have sailed back to Lisbon in 1510 in the command of a ship with cargo.
What is certain was that Serrano was the captain of one of three vessels sent from Malacca by Albuquerque to explore the Moluccas in 1511. Serrano and his companions therefore became the first Europeans to see the Spice Islands.
Serrano eventually settled in the Moluccan island of Ternate, as head of a mercenary band of Portuguese warriors under the service of one of two feuding powerful sultans who controlled the spice trade.
Serrano later wrote a letter to Magellan in Portugal, urging the latter to join him in the Moluccas, “where their fortune was as good as made.” He also gave Magellan directions and information about the location of the islands and its distance from Malacca.
Back in Europe In 1513, the name of Magellan appeared on a list of officers returned from India who were given routine honors. That same year, he took part in an expedition against Azamor in Morocco, where he suffered a leg wound in battle that gave him a slight limp for the rest of his life.
The thought of the Moluccas apparently always beckoned Magellan after his return to Portugal. From Morocco, Magellan wrote to Serrano, informing him that he would meet him soon, “if not via Portugal, then via Spain.” This letter was found by Portuguese in the Moluccas several years after Magellan and Serrano were dead.
After the Moroccan campaign, Magellan returned to Lisbon. This time, he appeared in the Portuguese Court to request King Manuel I for an increase in his salary.
However, Magellan was met by a blunt refusal and contemptuous remarks from the king, whom he had served as a boy and was his companion in their younger years.
Outraged by the animosity of the Portuguese king, Magellan asked to be freed from his oath of allegiance and sought permission to seek his fortune elsewhere.
King Manuel I responded that Magellan could go to the devil.
To Spain Magellan left Portugal for Seville, Spain towards the end of 1517. Here he met friends and relatives, all exiles and deserters from the service of the antagonistic Portuguese king, who were vigorously promoting the scheme of searching for the Spice Islands by the western route.
The group was composed of experts in every aspect of overseas exploration, bringing with them all the secrets of the Indies that the Portuguese were anxious to keep.
Seville was looked upon at that time as a place of opportunity where people flocked and crowded. Here also occurred a charming interlude in the tempestuous career of Magellan. He fell in love with Beatriz de Barbosa, daughter of an influential family in the city.
Magellan and Beatriz were married within the year in the cathedral of Triana, a town just across the Guadalquivir River from Seville. In our day, Triana also remains the name of the barangay in Limasawa Island fronting the harbor where Magellan’s ships anchored on the other side of the world.
Approved proposal As son-in-law of one of the leading men of Seville, Magellan used his social position to promote his proposal to make a voyage direct to the Spice Islands to potential financiers.
Magellan was known to have brought along with him a well-painted globe in which the whole world was outlined, and on which he indicated the route he proposed to take. But the location of the strait around the American continent was left blank. Not only was this strait’s presence speculative at the time; he also did not want anybody else to beat him to it.
Anyway, Magellan had another option. If he did not find any strait leading to the other ocean, he would take the route followed by the Portuguese (around the horn of Africa).
After being rebuffed by several other parties, Magellan found a way to have his expedition financed by Spanish King Carlos I, also known to history as Emperor Charles V of Europe.
A document that Magellan used to convince the king was a “Membranza,” a short manuscript he wrote in 1519. In it, he claimed that the Moluccas or Spice Islands were located at 182.5 degrees longitude. The location is just outside the demarcation line of the Portuguese half of the world as determined by the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas.
Sailing to history After more than a year of preparation, Spanish Court intrigues, and Portuguese threats and harassments, the Magellan expedition left Seville on September 20, 1519.
Sailing on a Spanish deck and equipped with the best Portuguese nautical information available on Far East navigation, Magellan pledged to do his utmost to reach the Spice Islands by a western route, to establish Spain’s claim to the islands, and to return with a cargo of spices. He led a voyage of discovery comprising of a fleet of five ships with 241 officers and men and calculated to last two years.
Among the men under Magellan was the Italian Antonio Pigafetta, the chronicler who recorded the voyage for posterity, and the Andalusian Andres de San Martin, reportedly the best astronomer of his time who could make accurate readings of longitude on land. Pigafetta survived and wrote the report of the expedition; San Martin was killed along with several companions during a massacre in Cebu a few days after Magellan’s death.
The fleet sailed across the Atlantic Ocean and the ships followed the South American coast. Here they tried to find the theorized strait, the passage to the other ocean, which Magellan would later call the Pacific Ocean. This passage that they found is now known as Magellan Strait, near the tip of South America.
The members of the Magellan expedition were the first Europeans ever to sail across the Pacific, which was larger than anyone had imagined. They sailed for 98 days without seeing any land, ran out of food, and used almost all their water. They even ate rats and sawdust to avoid starvation until they reached the Ladrones Islands (Guam) on March 6, 1521.
Conflict with the native Chamorros prevented Magellan from fully re-supplying the ships in Guam. They set sail for the Philippines, which they sighted on March 16, 1521, and where they first landed on the island of Homonhon, at the southern end of Samar Island.
Violation of royal orders Magellan was under strict orders not to enter Portuguese territory in his search for the Moluccas. He probably believed he was still within the limit after departing from the Ladrones Islands. After all, the determination of longitudes on the ocean remained erratic at that time.
But the situation changed for Magellan after their sighting of Samar. San Martin’s calculations for the position of Suluan Island, east of Homonhon, showed that this was located on 9 and 2/3 degrees north latitude, and 189 degrees longitude from the line of demarcation.
In a sense, Magellan had known upon his arrival in the islands he called San Lazaro Archipelago that his ships were already sailing on the Portuguese hemisphere, by a margin of 9 degrees longitude. He also knew there was no more turning back.
Of course, the actual location of these islands was hidden from the authorities and falsified in the official accounts. For instance, Pigafetta mentioned that Homonhon was located at 161 degrees longitude, well within the Spanish hemisphere. He also systematically indicated the positions of the other islands such that they were located more to the east than they really were. The falsification was attributed to Magellan.
It took centuries for the discrepancies in the longitudes recorded by Pigafetta in the Philippines to be discovered and clarified, first by the French scientist Charles de Brosse in 1756, and lately by Laguarda Trias in the early 1970s.
From soldier to missionary After March 16, 1521, the geographical and political basis of the whole voyage had slipped under Magellan’s feet. Hated in his home country for searching the Moluccas under the Spanish flag, Magellan probably knew from then on that he had failed the challenge to reach the Spice Islands by a few degrees of longitude.
Blot suggested taking this context into consideration to better understand Magellan’s behavior during the last 43 days of his life.
Being a veteran soldier, Magellan knew better how to land on distant shores, that is with drawn swords and blazing cannons ahead. Yet, in the Philippines, with the exception of the Mactan fighting, Magellan’s men only drew their swords and fired the ships’ cannons to impress the people they visited, and displayed their body armor only in demonstration fights.
Spanish royal instructions required them to install markers with the royal coat-of-arms to establish the Spanish king’s rights over the discovered lands. Instead, Magellan asked for a large wooden cross to be planted on a hill in Limasawa Island after the first recorded First Mass in the Philippines on Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521.
Another wooden cross was later planted in Cebu, where 800 people were converted to Christianity in a single day.
Spanish royal orders prohibited the expedition leader to land except in the safest circumstances. Yet, when the moment to fight in Mactan Island came on April 27, 1521, Magellan rejected the suggestion of his men to stay safe and let them fight for him.
Laguarda Trias theorized that the Magellan who died in Mactan was a different man. He explained Magellan’s changed mindset in his last days as follows:
“The finding of the longitude of Suluan Island (performed almost eight months before the expedition arrived in the Moluccas) signified for Magellan the failure of the purpose of his expedition. It was an advance indication that the Spice Islands were located within the Portuguese hemisphere. Perhaps the moral premise of this failure was the motive that prompted Magellan to seek his death in Mactan, where he refused the help of the chieftain of Cebu and boldly exposed himself to the blows of the enemy. He probably did not wish to suffer the humiliation of having to announce to the Emperor, upon his return, that the Moluccas, contrary to what he claimed in his Membranza, were located on Portuguese territory. This was a matter of honor that his noble reputation would not allow to ignore, much less distort, as the changeable Antonio Pigafetta did.”
Blot added that the setting of the Christian cross instead of the Spanish coat-of-arms, and the strong religious zeal displayed by Magellan from the Homonhon landing until the fighting in Mactan, may be viewed as remaining symbolic acts left for him to do. The promotion of the Christian faith, the basic link between Portugal and Spain above their national interests, became Magellan’s last attempt at finding a meaning for his own failed mission before his suicidal death.
As a sad footnote, another source had it that Magellan was killed on the same day his best friend, Serrano, died of food poisoning in the Moluccas. What a strange coincidence in the whole story of the Spice Islands.
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# posted by LittleManila : 3:21 AM
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